INTRODUCTIONHearing impairment affects about 1 in 1000 newborns1. Deafness can be due to either genetic or environmental causes or a combination of both. In developed countries, about 60% of all cases are related to genetic origin2. It has been estimated that 30% of genetic deafness cases are syndromic and 70% are non-syndromic3. In Brazil, the frequency of non-syndromic congenital deafness is approximately four in 1000 births, 16% of which are of genetic etiology4. Within the hereditary non-syndromic hearing loss category, autosomal recessive forms (DFNB) make up about 75-80% of all cases, autosomal dominant forms (DFNA) about 20%, X-linked forms (DFN) 2-5%, and mitochondrial forms about 1%5. To date, more than 120 different loci have been estimated to be involved in deafness and 70 genes have been identified and characterized6.
The
GJB2 locus has been reported to be the major cause of autosomal recessive non-syndromic sensorineural deafness (ARNSD)3,7,8.
GJB2 gene mutations have been associated to 50% of autosomal recessive non-syndromic deafness in many populations9,10. More than 101 different mutations in connexin 26 gene are known to be associated with hearing impairment11. The prevalence of some
GJB2 mutations differs considerably among ethnic groups. The 35delG mutation is the most common variant in European populations12,13. The carrier frequency of 35delG ranges between 0.97% and 2.24% in the southeastern region of Brazil14,15. In São Paulo state, the 35delG mutation was the most frequent (12.4%)16; it was found in 23% of the family cases, and 6.2% of the simplex cases. The 235delC mutation is predominant in Asian populations as a whole17-21, whereas the 167delT mutation is also frequent in Ashkenazi Jewish population22-24.
It is known that
GJB6 mutations are a common cause of deafness25. A deletion of 243Kb named del
GJB6-D13S1830 mutation in
GJB6 gene is the second most frequent genetic cause of non-syndromic prelingual hearing impairment in the Spanish population26. It has also been described among Ashkenazi Jews27 and in French non-syndromic hearing loss patients28.
Some studies have reported the genetic frequency of
GJB2 mutations and del
GJB6-D13S1830 mutation related with non-syndromic deafness in Brazilian populations12,16,29-31. North Brazilian populations are composed of a highly interethnic admixture with an added European gene contribution32 and no previous data are available for the allelic variants in
GJB2 or the frequency of the del
GJB6-D13S1830 mutation in the Amazon region. In order to establish the prevalence of
GJB2 mutations among deafness patients in this region, we investigated 77 simplex cases of prelingual non-syndromic hearing impairment. Additionally, we investigated the prevalence of the del
GJB6-D13S1830 deletion.
METHODThis study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of João de Barros Barreto University Hospital (protocol n. 2241/05).
Subjects and clinical evaluationThe study was conducted on seventy-seven children with prelingual non-syndromic hearing loss. All seventy-seven probands were unrelated and simplex cases of deafness. Samples were obtained from a School for the Deaf in Belém, Pará, Brazil. Syndromic patients were not included in this study. All the seventy-seven children were severe-to-profound prelingual hearing impairment cases. For each child, the complete medical history and questionnaires were administered to ensure that hearing loss was not the result of environmental causes: maternofetal infection, perinatal complications, meningitis, mumps, prenatal, prolonged use of antibiotics/drug ototoxicity and acoustic trauma. All children underwent an otoscopy, audiovestibular tests and available audiometry, and a general examination including systematic examination of syndromic form was evaluated. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients' parents.
Molecular AnalysisDNA was extracted from EDTA anticoagulated whole blood using the phenol-chloroform method and precipitation with ethanol. To identify GJB2 mutations, a DNA fragment containing the entire coding region was amplified using the primer pair in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and two additional internal primers were used in the DNA sequencing of Cx26: GJB2-1F (5´-GTGTTGTGTGCATTCGTCTTTTC-3´) forward primer for PCR and sequencing; GJB2-2R (5´-CCTCATCCCTCTCATGCTGTCTA-3´) reverse primer for PCR and sequencing; GJB2-4F (5´-GGAAGTTCATCAAGGGGGAGATA-3´) primer for internal forward sequencing, and GJB2-3R (5´-ACCTTCTGGGTTTTGATCTCC TC-3') primer for internal reverse sequencing.
PCR conditions were for 35 cycles with denaturation at 94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 60ºC for 1 min and extension at 72ºC for 1 min. In all cases of
GJB2 gene analysis, bi-directional DNA sequencing was performed and in some cases internal primers were used to confirm the result. They were sequenced on an
ABI Prism Big-Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing KitTM (Applied Biosystems) and electrophoresed on an
ABI Prism 377 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems). PCR amplification of delGJB6-D13S1830 mutation was performed by using primers and conditions previously described26.
RESULTSThe results are summarized in Table 1. Analysis of the complete coding region of
GJB2 gene of 77 hearing-impaired children revealed four different mutations previously described: 35delG, M34T, V95M and V27I. Allele variants in
GJB2 gene were found in 40% of all cases (31 of the 77 patients). The most common mutation was V27I and detected in 22 patients: twenty individuals were heterozygous and two were homozygous. However, V27I mutation was previously reported to be a polymorphism without pathological effects and unrelated to hearing loss17. Pathogenic mutations were observed in 12% of patients. The 35delG mutation was detected in seven (9%) of the patients: one was homozygous and six patients were heterozygous, in which the second
GJB2 mutation was not found. The 35delG mutation accounted for 8 out of 10
GJB2 mutated pathogenic alleles. Two other missense mutations were observed, V95M and M34T, in two distinct heterozygous patients with the second allele being normal. In addition, screening for the del(
GJB6-D13S1830) mutation was negative in all 77 patients.
DISCUSSIONThis study is the first of its kind, describing the prevalence of
GJB2 and
GJB6 variants in Amazon population. Several studies have shown that the 35delG mutation is present in different ethnic and geographic groups, and accounted for up to 80% of
GJB2 mutations33. A previous study revealed a frequency of 2.1% for 35delG mutation in the northern region of Brazil34. Although our work was based on small numbers of patients, the results may confirm the importance of
GJB2 mutations in the etiology of hearing impairment in Belém - PA. This study shows that the 35delG mutation is the most common pathogenic
GJB2 allele. The 35delG mutant allele was found in 9% of the patients, which is in agreement with findings in previous studies of Brazilian population29,30,35. The pathological significance of the M34T mutation has been discussed. It was firstly associated with dominant hearing loss at DFNA38. However, it has been reported by different authors as a polymorphism, a causative recessive or dominant mutation8,36-40. In a UK population study, the M34T mutation is in keeping with its classification as a mutation causing mild/moderate hearing loss in homozygosity or compound heterozygosity. This adds further evidence that M34T is a mild but functional variant with a larger effect in the 35delG group41. Another study of Finnish population support the hypothesis that the M34T is a pathogenic mutation and displays an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance associated with mild to moderate non-syndromic sensorineural hearing impairment in the homozygous state42.
The M34T was reported in the South American population43 and Brazil16. The V95M mutation was observed in only one heterozygous patient. The missense mutation converts the amino acid valine to methionine at codon 95. Valine is invariant at this position in all known alpha and beta connexin genes28. V95M is reported to be much rarer44. It has been reported in one compound heterozygous patient with non-syndromic hearing impairment in a southeastern Brazilian population29. Of all
GJB2 mutations detected in our study, the V27I is the most frequent. This mutation is considered polymorphism and a non-pathological change related to hearing loss17,22. It is rarely observed in the North American population22. However, it is frequent among Asian populations, such as Chinese45; Japanese17; Korean46 and in Asian background population47. In a previous study among Brazilian patients, V27I mutation was found in two unrelated heterozygous individuals out of twenty-six sporadic cases29.
Given the high prevalence of V27I mutation, we raised the hypothesis that it resulted from the increased contribution of Amerindian genes in northern Brazilian populations32. To address the question, we investigated the frequency of the V27I mutation in a sample composed of 400 hearing individuals from Belém population. The results (unpublished data) demonstrated that the frequency of the V27I mutation among hearing individuals from Belém population is high (12.4%) and similar to the frequency of this mutation in the deaf patients investigated (15.5%). These frequencies are similar to those described in China45 and higher than in European populations. Thus, the Amerindian populations are probably the original source of the V27I mutation in the research sample.
del
GJB6-D13S1830 mutation is the second most frequent genetic cause of non-syndromic prelingual hearing impairment in the Spanish population and a digenic pattern of inheritance involving
GJB2 mutations and del
GJB6-D13S1830 mutation in
GJB6 gene is suggested26. Additionally, del(
GJB6-D13S1830) allele was found in 7.1% of Brazilian deaf patients26. In another study, the del(
GJB6-D13S1830) mutation was observed in only one compound heterozygous patient (35delG/del(
GJB6-D13S1830) from Brazil´s southeastern region30. In this work, the screening of 77 patients did not reveal this mutation and our results cannot suggest risk of hearing impairment due to del(
GJB6-D13S1830) mutation in our population.
CONCLUSIONGJB2 mutated alleles were observed in 40% (31/77) of Amazonian deaf patients. However, the pathogenic variants (35delG, M34T and V95M) have been detected in 12% (9/77) of the cohort and are known to act in a recessive manner. Among nine patients with pathogenic mutations, eight carry only one mutation in the
GJB2 coding sequence, although the whole coding region of
GJB2 gene was sequenced in all samples by a bi-directional DNA sequencing, including the 35delG heterozygous. The putative second mutation in these patients could be located in non-analysed areas in
GJB2 gene such as splice sites. The hypothesis that the second mutation located in a second gene can not be ruled out.
The results of this pilot study should contribute to the development of the genetic diagnosis of deafness and could be important for public health issues, precise genetic counselling, and early treatment in this region. Moreover, further studies and research are needed to find out and analyse genes and variants to elucidate other genetic causes of hearing impairment in mixed populations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe sincerely thank the patients for their participation. This work was supported by CNPq-Brazilian National Research Council.
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1. PhD in Genetics and Molecular Biology (Researcher).
2. PhD in Genetics and Molecular Biology (Researcher).
3. Degree in Biomedicine.
4. MSc in Genetics and Molecular Biology (Researcher).
5. PhD (Associate Professor I - Institute of Biological Sciences - Federal University of Pará).
6. PhD (Associate Professor III - Institute of Biological Sciences - Federal University of Pará).
Institute of Biological Sciences - Federal University of Pará.
Send correspondence to:
Luciana Santos Serrão de Castro
Tv. 14 de Abril, nº 1235, apto 601
Belém - PA. Brazil. CEP: 66060-460.
Paper submitted to the BJORL-SGP (Publishing Management System - Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology) on October 16, 2012.
Accepted on November 2, 2012. cod. 10524.
