INTRODUCTIONBenign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is considered the most common peripheral vestibulopathy, present in approximately 25% of the patients that have dizziness. It is prevalent in the elderly and female patients, probably owing to senile degenerative affections and hormonal dysfunction, respectively1.
BPPV is caused by statoconia debris from the utriculus macula that deviate to one or more semicircular ducts, mistakenly stimulating the ampullary crest2-4.
Vertigo is usually brief - normally it lasts less than one minute, it is episodic and characteristically it is a result of the change in position of head segment. Some of the movements that caused BPPV clinical manifestations are lying down or standing up from lying down position, adopting lateral position from dorsal decubitus and head hyperextension5,6.
One of the main and most used therapeutic options for BPPV consists of mechanical maneuver for vestibular rehabilitation, which through a sequence of head movements, aim at repositioning the statoconia back to the utriculus7-17. Among them, Epley maneuver, described in 1992, presents excellent therapeutic indexes of clinical improvement9-12,15-17.
Some authors advocate posture restriction after Epley maneuver to prevent some displacement of statoconia particles towards the semicircular duct. The patient is instructed to avoid head and trunk movement, using a neck collar and sleeping in semi-seated position, with the head inclined at 45o from the horizontal plan for two days. In the 5 subsequent days, the patient is instructed to avoid sleeping over the affected ear9,10,12,15,17.
The controversy in the literature is about the efficacy of posture restrictions in influencing therapeutic success in patients with BPPV submitted to statoconia repositioning maneuver18,19.
OBJECTIVEThe objective of the present study was to check the importance of head movement restriction in clinical progression of patients with BPPV by duct lithiasis of the posterior semicircular canal when submitted to one single Epley maneuver.
METHODThe patients in this study were recruited in the Ambulatory of the Discipline of Otoneurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP - EPM) and signed the Free Informed Consent Term.
All patients presented diagnostic hypothesis of BPPV, specifically owed to duct lithiasis of posterior semicircular canal. The subjects presented typical clinical history of this vestibulopathy, comprising severe positional vertigo, with duration below one minute, which could be followed by neurovegetative symptoms, but no auditory symptoms. Physical examination of these patients revealed the presence of positioning nystagmus with rotation and upper vestibular component towards the tested ear, at Dix-Hallpike 20 diagnostic maneuver with the use of Frenzel lenses18.
Exclusion criteria were presence of other concomitant vestibulopathies, cervical spine affections or other reasons that prevented the performance of Dix-Hallpike and/or Epley maneuver, patients that took drugs that could influence the vestibular system.
All enrolled patients were submitted to otoneurological assessment that included clinical history, ENT physical examination, pure tone and vocal audiometry, immittanciometry and vestibular exam.
Modified Epley maneuver was performed at the diagnosis of BPPV, immediately after diagnostic confirmation using the Dix-Hallpike maneuver. Figures 1 to 3 evidence Epley maneuver, performed after Dix-Hallpike maneuver9.
The patients were randomly divided into two groups, according to the treatment used: Group 1 (submitted to Epley maneuver followed by head movement restrictions), and Group 2 (submitted to Epley maneuver without restrictions after the maneuvers).
Patients in Group 1 were instructed to prevent head and trunk movement, use cervical collar and sleep in a semi-seated position, with the head inclined 45o from the horizontal plan for two days. In the five subsequent days, the patient was instructed to avoid sleeping over the affected ear.
One week after the Epley maneuver, the patients in Groups 1 and 2 came back to the clinical reassessment and underwent clinical history again and Dix-Hallpike diagnostic maneuver. The assessments were performed by the examiners that did not know about group assignment.
Patients were subjectively classified as to clinical progression as cure (asymptomatic), partial improvement and no improvement (unaltered or worsened clinical presentation).
The objective assessment was performed by repeating Dix-Hallpike maneuver, one week after Epley maneuver and checking the presence of absence of vertigo and/or positioning nystagmus.
The statistical analysis were performed using chi-square test to check whether there was statistically significant difference in clinical progression (presence of positioning nystagmus and subjective assessment) of the patients with BPPV by posterior semicircular canal duct lithiasis, submitted or not to head movement restrictions after Epley maneuver. The significance level was 0.05.
RESULTSFifty-eight patients with nystagmus and positional vertigo at Dix-Hallpike maneuver were submitted to Epley maneuver. The patients' age ranged from 36 to 90 years. There was predominance of female gender and 38 women and 20 men, all Caucasian.
Group 1 comprised 28 patients and Group 2 comprised 30 patients.
Duct lithiasis was present on the right ear in 32 cases (55%) and on the left ear in 26 cases (45%), as described in Table 1.
As to detection of nystagmus at Dix-Hallpike maneuver, performed one week after treatment, we observed 82.1% improvement in patients in group 1 and in 73.3% of Group 2. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (p = 0.421).
Concerning subjective clinical progression, 95% of the total of patients presented improvement, and 60% became asymptomatic. Clinical partial and total improvement was obtained by 96.0% of the patients in Group 1 and 94% of patients in Group 2, without statistically significant different, as demonstrated in Table 2.
DISCUSSIONBPPV is a high prevalence disease, usually under diagnosed. The application of an efficient treatment is important to control symptoms. One of the main and most used therapeutic options for BPPV consists of mechanical maneuvers of vestibular rehabilitation. Among them, Epley maneuver, described in 1992, is considered popular and presents clinical improvement therapeutic index9-12,15-17.
In this group, 58 patients with BPPV were treated by Epley maneuver. Randomly, two groups were formed and they were differentiated by the application or not of head movement restrictions and use of cervical collar after therapeutic maneuver application.
The objective of study was to assess the efficacy of use of these clinical improvement restrictions.
The age of patients presented similar variation similar to the studies by Fife et al.21 and Weider et al.22 in which ages ranged between 25 to 84 years.
Similarly to Weider et al.22 and Wolf et al.23, we also found predominance of female gender in relation to male gender. Hormonal affections could have favored higher occurrence of BPPV in women24.
In the present study, affection of the right labyrinth was more frequent than in the left, similarly to the results pointed out by studies by Ganança et al.5, Frazza et al.25 and Gans et al.18. The authors argued that the higher prevalence in the right labyrinth occurred because the diagnostic maneuver is normally started on this side and did not suffer any influence of fatigue to the repetition of the diagnostic test.
The objective of the head restrictions is to prevent incorrect displacement of statoconia or their debris after therapeutic maneuver. The period without head movement would facilitate the absorption or adhesion of statoconia to utriculus otolithic membrane.
Head movement restrictions may cause discomfort to the patient with restrictions to daily life activities and it is wondered whether their use would imply therapeutic improvement. Thus, it is important to detect the efficacy of head movement limitations after Epley maneuver, so that we can justify the clinical applications.
Gans et al.18 noticed that avoiding moving the head or lying down in supine position for 24 hours after Epley maneuver proved to be enough to prevent recurrences in patients with VPBB. According to Zucca et al.26, restrictions of head movement would not be that important after the first 24 hours after Epley maneuver, because under normal volume conditions and normal endolymph calcium content, statoconia would be dissolved within 5 to 20 hours. Experimental studies proved that in endolymphatic hydropsy, concentration of calcium in the endolymph is normally increased and that absorption of statoconia in the endolymph is inversely proportional to calcium concentration. Thus, patients with BPPV resulting from or simultaneous to endolymphatic hydropsy could be benefited by the restrictions to head movement. We emphasize the importance of new studies with the use of head restrictions in patients with associated BPPV and endolymphatic hydropsy.
In the present study, the use of head movement restrictions did not change the clinical progression of patients submitted to Epley maneuver, neither objectively, by observing positioning nystagmus. These results are in accordance with the studies by Gordon and Gadoth27 who detected that restrictions of head movement were not necessary for good clinical progression of patients with BPPV, submitted to Epley maneuver modified by Marciano and Marcelli28, who treated their patients with BPPV using Epley and Semont therapeutic maneuvers and also Nuti et al.29, who treated their patients with VPPV Semont therapeutic maneuvers.
The assessment of patients was made one week after Epley maneuver and did not provide information about long-term recurrence of BPPV. Therefore, we suggest the conduction of a new study whose objective is long-term clinical follow-up of patients with BPPV submitted to Epley maneuver so that we may answer this question.
CONCLUSIONThe use of head movement restrictions did not interfere in the clinical progression of patients with BPPV by duct lithiasis of the posterior semicircular canal submitted to a single Epley maneuver.
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1 Otorhinolaryngologist, Ph.D. in Medicine, UNIFESP - EPM, Affiliate Professor, Discipline of Otoneurology, UNIFESP - EPM.
2 Resident of Otorhinolaryngology, UNIFESP-EPM.
3 Post-graduate, Discipline of Otoneurology, UNIFESP-EPM, Full Professor in Otorhinolaryngology, UNIFESP-EPM.
4 Post-graduation, Discipline of Otoneurology, UNIFESP-EPM.
5 Master in Health Sciences, Post-graduation in Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, UNIFESP-EPM, Post-graduate studies, Discipline of Otoneurology, UNIFESP-EPM.
Study performed in the Discipline of Otoneurology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, UNIFESP.
Address correspondence to: Fernando Freitas Ganança - Rua Dom Paulo Pedrosa 668 apt. 41 Real Parque 05687-001.
E-mail: fgananca@terra.com.br
This article was submitted through SGP on March 9, 2005 and approved on September 23, 2005.
